Islam and the Nigeria quandary: history, politics and reform

Review of the following four books:Brandon Kendhammer, Muslims talking politics: framing Islam, democracy, and law in northern Nigeria. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press (hb 978 0226 36898 6; pb 978 0 226 36903 7). 2016, 312 pp.
Alexander Thurston, Salafism in Nigeria: Islam, preaching, and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (hb 978 1 107 15743 9; pb 978 1 316 61019 0). 2016, 300 pp.
Olufemi Vaughan, Religion and the making of Nigeria. Durham NC: Duke University Press (hb 978 0 8223 6206 7; pb 978 0 8223 6227 2). 2016, 336 pp.
Roman Loimeier, Islamic reform in twentieth-century Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (pb 978 1 4744 3219 1). 2016, 540 pp.