Léopold Sédar Senghor

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This dossier on Léopold Sédar Senghor presents an overview of publications by and on Senghor that can be found in the ASC library and includes a selection of links to websites on Senghor. The introduction gives background information on the man and his work. The titles from the library catalogue are organized into publications written by Senghor (Poetry – Main œuvre – Negritude – Political Thoughts – Socialism – Other Works) and publications on Senghor’s life and works (The Poet – The Philosopher – Negritude – The Statesman/Politician – General – Bio-Bibliographies). Titles are listed chronologically within each sub-category. The library catalogue contains abstracts of many of the titles listed. For information about this dossier and the availability of titles, email us at: asclibrary@ascleiden.nl or phone: +31 (0)71 527 3354. Publications by Léopold Sédar Senghor Publications on Léopold Sédar Senghor Selected Web Resources Introduction to Senghor Léopold Sédar Senghor, the African statesman and poet who led Senegal to independence in 1960 and became the country's first president, died at his home in France on 20 December 2001 at the age of 95. He reportedly suffered from heart problems. Senghor was born in the coastal town of Joal, south of the capital city of Dakar, on 9 January 1906. His father was a Serer trader, his mother’s family was Fulbe. Later Senghor wrote: “I grew up in the heartland of Africa, at the crossroads / Of castes and races and roads”. He attended the Catholic mission school in Ngazobil and continued his studies at the Libermann Seminary and Lycée Van Vollenhoven in Dakar, finishing his secondary school education in 1928.After winning a state scholarship, he moved to Paris and graduated from the Lycée Louis-Le-Grand in 1931. Among his friends in Paris were Aimé Césaire, with whom he would develop the idea of Negritude, and Georges Pompidou, who would become a future president of France. In 1932 Senghor was granted French citizenship and in 1935 he obtained the ‘agrégation’ degree in grammar and started working as a teacher, first in Tours and later in Paris. He joined the French army during the Second World War but spent 18 months in a German prison camp before being released in 1942, after which he resumed his teaching.
The year 1945 marked the beginning of Senghor’s political career. When the constitution of the Fourth Republic that allowed African representation in parliament was approved after the war, Senghor was elected as a deputy from Senegal. In the same year, his first collection of poems, ‘Chants d’ombre’, was published. In 1946 he married Ginette Éboué, the daughter of a prominent Guyanese administrator. With Senghor’s help, Alioune Diop, a Senegalese intellectual living in Paris, established the cultural journal ‘Présence africaine’ in 1947. Senghor was reelected for successive terms to the French National Assembly between 1946 and 1958. While in France he had become involved with the Socialist International and on his return to Africa, he formed the Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais (BDS), the start of his attempts to create African social democracy. In 1957, the BDS merged with other parties in the colony and 1958 saw the formation, by Senghor and Lamine Guèye, of the UPC, the Union Progressiste Sénégalaise. Meanwhile, Senghor’s cultural and literary activities continued with the publication of various collections of poetry. When Senegal joined with the Sudanese Republic to form the Federation of Mali, Senghor became president of the federal assembly. In August 1960 Senegal separated from the federation and Senghor was elected as the first president of Senegal. On his election he pledged to govern honestly and fairly but added: “A country cannot be governed without prison walls”. After crushing an attempted coup by his prime minister, Mamadou Dia, in 1962, Senghor tolerated no overt challenge to his policies. In 1964, Le Seuil published a collection of Senghor’s writings on Negritude, humanism, and socialism entitled ‘Liberté’. Four more volumes in the series, which also included Senghor’s political texts, were to follow in 1971, 1977, 1983 and 1993. After leaving the presidency in 1980 Senghor divided his time between Paris, Normandy (the home of his second wife) and Dakar. In 1983 Senghor was elected to the Académie Française. He received numerous international awards as a writer and political-opinion leader, and was awarded honorary doctorates by 37 universities. As co-founder of the Negritude movement, Senghor tried to awaken African consciousness and dispel feelings of inferiority. The term 'Negritude' embraces the revolt against colonial values, glorification of the African past, and nostalgia for the beauty and harmony of traditional African society. The concept is defined in contradistinction to Europe. According to Senghor, the African is intuitive, whereas the European is more Cartesian. This statement led to numerous protests, with Sartre even declaring that Negritude was “an antiracist racism”. Senghor’s poetry often displayed what he called "this double feeling of love and hate” regarding the “white” world. Though his African nationalism emerged in his poetry and his politics, he refused to reject European culture. Senghor’s non-fiction includes writings primarily in philosophy, linguistics, politics and sociology. In the area of political philosophy, he examined African socialism, concluding that socialism was not new to Africans for whom the concept of sharing has been important throughout history. He believed that there would be one unique and universal world civilization. Publications by Léopold Sédar Senghor Poetry Poèmes / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Editions du Seuil, cop. 1964. - 253 p. This collection contains: Chants d’ombre, 1945 Hosties noires, 1948 Ethiopiques, 1956 Nocturnes, 1961
Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie négre et malgache de langue française / par Léopold Sédar Senghor ; préc. de Orphée noir par Jean-Paul Sartre. - Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1948. - XLIV, 227 p. (Colonies et empires. Cinquième série, Art et littérature ; 1) With notes. The collected poetry / Léopold Sédar Senghor ; transl. [from the French] and with an introduction by Melvin Dixon. - Charlottesville [etc.] : University Press of Virginia, cop. 1991. - XLI, 598 p. - (CARAF books) Translation of: Œuvre poétique. - [Paris] : Editions du Seuil, 1990. ISBN 0-8139-1275-X ISBN 0-8139-1832-4 pbk Main œuvre Liberté / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, 1964-1993. - 5 dl. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 2-02-005127-3 Négritude et humanisme / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, 1964. - 444 p. (Liberté, tome 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 2-02-002242-7 Nation et voie africaine du socialisme / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, 1971. - 317 p. (Liberté, tome 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 2-02-002304-0 Négritude et civilisation de l'universel / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, c1977. - 573 p. - (Liberté, tome 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 2-02-004660-1 Socialisme et planification / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, 1983. - 668 p. - (Liberté, tome 4) ISBN 2-02-006554-1 Le dialogue des cultures / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Seuil, 1993. – 295 p. (Liberté, tome 5) ISBN 0-02-019100-8 Negritude De la négritude : psychologie du Négro-africain / L.S. Senghor. In: Diogène: (1962), no. 37, p. 3-16. Negritude and African socialism / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: African Affairs, 2 / ed. by K. Kirkwood: (1963), p. 9-22. Négritude et civilisation de l'universel / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Présence Africaine: (1963), no. 46, p. 8-13. Negritude : a humanism of the 20th century / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Optima: (1966), vol. 16, no. 1, p. 1-8. Négritude et arabisme : la dialectique Négro-Arabe / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Présence Africaine: (1967), 1e Trim., no. 61, p. 94-102. Les fondements de l'Africanité, ou Négritude et arabité : [conférence] / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - [Paris] : Présence Africaine, [1967]. - 108 p. ; 21 cm Negritude and the Germans / L.S. Senghor. In: Africa Report: (1967), vol. 12, no. 2, p. 46-48. Problématique de la Négritude / Léopold S. Senghor. In: Présence Africaine: (1971), no. 78, p. 3-26. Afrikanisches Denken und moderne Welt : "Negritude" als Humanismus des 20.Jahrhunderts / L. Sédar Senghor. In: Internationales Afrikaforum: (1971), vol. 7, no. 1, p. 43-53. Deux textes sur la négritude / L.S. Senghor. - Abidjan : CEDA, 1972. - 43 p. ; (Cahiers ivoiriens de recherche économique et sociale ; 3) Négritude et civilisation méditerranéennes / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Afrique noire et monde méditerranéen dans l'antiquité; colloque de Dakar; 19-24 janvier 1976: (1978), p. 19-27. Political Thoughts L' avenir de la France dans l'Outre-Mer / L. Senghor. In: Politique Etrangère: (1954), vol. 19, no. 4 août/oct, p. 419-426. L'esprit de la civilisation ou les lois de la culture négro-africaine / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Présence Africaine: (1956), no. 8/10, juin/nov, p. 51-65.
Pour une république féderale / L.S. Senghor. In: Cahiers Nord-Africains, suppl. E.S.N.A.: (1956), no. 53 (juillet-août), p. 1-8. Pour une république féderale dans une union confédérale / L.S. Senghor. In: Union française et parlement: (1958/59), vol. 10, no. 96/97, p. 5-11. Rapport sur la doctrine et le programme du parti / L. Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Présence Africaine, 1959. - 91 p. Congrès Constitutif du P.F.A. (Dakar, 1-3 juillet 1959). Allocution du Président de la République du Sénégal à la XVI. session de l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies ... 1961 / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Parijs : O.N.U., 1961. - 56 p Text also available in English. Socialism African socialism : a report to the constitutive congress of the Party of African Federation / by Léopold Sédar Senghor ; translated and edited by Mercer Cook. - New York : American Society of African Culture, 1959. - 49 p. With notes. Nation et voie africaine du socialisme / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Présence Africaine, 1961. - 138 p. (Leaders politiques africains). With bibliography. Une étude sur les diverses voies africaines du socialisme / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Semaine Africaine & Malgache: (1962), no. 23, p. 9-14. Democracy and socialism / L.S. Senghor. In: Ibadan: (1965), no. 21, p. 5-13. Der senegalische Weg zum Sozialismus / L.S. Senghor. In: Internationales Afrikaforum: (1970), vol. 6, no. 9/10, p. 531-541. Other works Bibliographie / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - [S.l. : s.n.], [au 1e octobre 1959]. - 8 p. Roneo. Bibliographie / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - [S.l. : s.n.], 1962. - 14 p. Roneo. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin et la politique Africaine / Léopold Sédar Senghor. Sauvons l'humanité ; L'art dans la ligne de l'énergie humaine / Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. - Paris : Seuil, 1962. - 103 p. : ill. ; 20 cm. - (Cahiers Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, ISSN 0575-1187 ; 3) The study of African man / L.S. Senghor. In: Mawazo: (1967/68), vol. 1, no. 4, p. 3-7. Pourquoi une idéologie négro-africaine / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Présence Africaine: (1972), vol. 82, p. 11-38. La parole chez Paul Claudel et chez les négro-africains : [discours] / Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Dakar : Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1973. - 56 p. : ill. Nationale und offizielle Sprachen im schwarzen Afrika / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Internationales Afrikaforum: (1976), vol. 12, no. 2, p. 168-172. L'Afrique et le nouvel ordre économique mondial / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Revue française d'études politiques africaines: (1976), vol. 11, no. 128, p. 80-90. Les noirs dans l'antiquité méditerranéenne / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Ethiopiques: (1977), no. 11, p. 30-48. Les leçons de Leo Frobenius / L. Sédar Senghor. In: Symposium Leo Frobenius II; le rôle des traditions dans le développement de l'Afrique: (1980), p. 22-31. Pour une philosophie négro-africaine et moderne / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Ethiopiques: (1980), no. 23, p. 5-32. De la Francophonie / Léopold Sédar Senghor. In: Ethiopiques: (1988), nouv. sér., vol. 5, no. 3/4, p. 7-35. Publications on Léopold Sédar Senghor The poet Léopold Sédar Senghor : l'homme et l'œuvre / par Armand Guibert. - Paris :Présence Africaine, 1962. - 175 p. : ill. - (Collection "Approches" ; 1) With bibliography. L. S. Senghor : poète sénégalais / [textes commentés par Roger Mercier et Monique et Simon Battestini]. - Paris : F. Nathan, 1965. - 63 p. (Classiques du monde. Littérature africaine ; 3) Illustrated cover. - Bibliography: p. 6-7. Léopold Sédar Senghor et la défense et illustration de la civilisation noire / by S. Okechukwu Mezu. - Paris : Didier, [1968]. - 232 p. With bibliography. Léopold Sédar Senghor as poet / Abiola Irele. In: Odu, Jl. W. Afr. St.: (1969), vol. 1, n.s. no. 1, p. 3-27. Léopold Sédar Senghor : ein afrikanischer Dichter französischer Prägung / Irmgard Hanf. - München : Fink, 1972. - 196 p. ; 8o. - (Freiburger Schriften zur romanischen Philologie ; 16) With bibliography. Soukeina and Isabella - Senghor and the West / H. Scheub. In: Africa and the West : intellectual responses to European culture / ed. by Ph.D. Curtin: (1972), p. 189-230. The poetry of Leopold Sedar Senghor / [by] S. Okechukwu Mezu. - London [etc.] : Heinemann, 1973. - [7], 101 p. - (Studies in African literature) Bibliography: p. [97]-98. - Index. ISBN 0-435-18650-7 ISBN 0-435-18651-5 pb The concept of negritude in the poetry of Léopold Sédar Senghor / by Sylvia Washington Ba. - [Princeton, N.J.] : Princeton University Press, cop. 1973. - viii, 305 p. Includes translations of selected poems by Senghor (p. [181]-280). - Based on the author's thesis. - Bibliography: p. 291-297 (including list of Senghor's works). ISBN 0-691-06251-X
The literary and political works of Léopold Sédar Senghor : an appraisal in the light of recent studies of millenarian movements / J. de Coninck. In: Mawazo: (1974), vol. 4, no. 2, p. 61-86. Senghor's poetic method / Paul Ansah. In: Odu: (1975), n.s., no. 11, p. 3-44. Des "Poèmes" aux "Lettres d'hivernage": Senghor : analyse critique / par Hubert de Leusse. - Paris : Hatier, c1975. - 95, [1] p. - (Profil d'une œuvre ; 50) Bibliography: p. [96]. ISBN 2-218-03233-3 L' œuvre poétique et politique de Léopold Sédar Senghor comme l'expression de normes africaines traditionnelles et nouvelles / Jacek Oledski. In: Africana Bulletin: (1977), no. 26, p. 113-129. La poésie de l'action : conversations avec Mohamed Aziza / [by] Léopold Sédar Senghor. - Paris : Stock, 1980. - 359 p. - (Collection Les grands leaders) ISBN 2-234-00620-1 pb Le métissage dans la poésie de Léopold Sédar Senghor / Marie-Madeleine Marquet. - Dakar : Les Nouvelles éditions africaines, [ca. 1983]. - 312 p. With bibliography and notes.
Les voies du lyrisme dans les "Poèmes" de Léopold Sédar Senghor : Chants d'ombre, Hosties noires, Ethiopiques, Nocturnes : étude critique suivie d'un lexique / Robert Jouanny. - Paris : Champion, 1986. - 161 p. (Collection Unichamp, ISSN 0755-2513 ; 15). With bibliography. ISBN 2-85203-026-8 Langage et poésie chez Shenghor [i.e. Senghor] / Gloria Saravaya. - Paris :L'Harmattan, cop. 1989. - 224 p. Bibliography of L.S. Senghor. With notes. ISBN 2-7384-0180-5 Senghor, sensuel et plurivalent poète civil : identite, émotion, universalité / Liano Petroni. In: Ethiopiques: (1992), no. 56, p. 5-16. Critical perspectives on Léopold Sédar Senghor / ed. by Janice Spleth. - Colorado Springs, Col. : Three Continents Press, cop. 1993. - 250 p. (Critical perspectives ; no. 41) Bibliography of Leopold Sédar Senghor: p. 229-247. With notes. ISBN 0-89410-548-5 ISBN 0-89410-549-3 pb Imaginaire et création dans l'œuvre poétique de Léopold Sédar Senghor / Genéviève Lebaud-Kane. - Paris : L'Harmattan, cop. 1995. - 254 p. Bibliography : p. 251-254. With glossary and notes. ISBN 2-7384-3849-0 L'Afrique en khagne : contribution à une étude des stratégies senghoriennes du discours dans le champ littéraire francophone / Romuald-Blaise Fonkoua. In: Présence Africaine: (1996), no. 154, p. 130-175 Senghor et le surréalisme / Jean-Baptiste Tati-Loutard. In: Présence Africaine: (1996), no. 154, p. 176-183. Sow Fall, Sembene, Achebe and Senghor : literary representations of political realities / by Hal Wylie. In: Nwanyibu : womanbeing & African literature / ed. by Phanuel Akubueze Egejuru and Ketu H. Katrak. - Trenton, N.J. [etc.] : Africa World Press: (1997), p. 147-157.
Lances males : Léopold Sédar Senghor et les traditions sérères / Marcel Mahawa Diouf. - Niamey : Centre d'etudes linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale, cop. 1996. - 269 p. : krt. - (Collection Etudes) Bibliography : p. 263-269. With enclosure and notes. Senghor as pre-independence Negritude poet / Cyril Mokwenye. In: Themes in African literature in French : a collection of essays / ed. by Sam Ade Ojo and Olusola Oke. - Ibadan [etc.] : Spectrum Books Limited: (2000), p. 3-28. Negritude and African worldview: Senghor's poetry and rites of passage / Adebo Adejumo. In: Themes in African literature in French : a collection of essays / ed. by Sam Ade Ojo and Olusola Oke. - Ibadan [etc.] : Spectrum Books Limited: (2000), p.93-104. The philosopher La conception de la sociedad en el pensamiento de Léopold Sédar Senghor / Nilda Beatriz Anglarill. In: Africa / Istituto Italo-Africano: (1981), vol. 36, no. 1, p. 33-53. Léopold Sédar Senghor : de la tradition à l'universalisme / Josiane Nespoulous-Neuville. - Paris : Editions du Seuil, cop. 1988. - 215 p. Bibliography: p. 211-[216]. With notes. ISBN 2-02-010297-8 La pensée humaniste du Président Léopold Sédar Senghor / Alassane Ndao. In: Ethiopiques: (1992), no. 56, p. 17-30. Negritude and history : Senghor's argument with Frobenius / Michael J.C. Echeruo. In: Research in African Literatures: (1993), vol. 24, no. 4, p. 1-13. Léopold Sédar Senghor, une trajectoire à l'épreuve du temps / Clement Mbom. In: Présence Africaine: (1996), no. 154, p. 107-129. Léopold Sédar Senghor : from politics to poetry / William Kluback. - New York [etc.] : Peter Lang, cop. 1997. - XI, 117 p. With notes. ISBN 0-8204-3488-4 Listen to Africa : a call from L.S. Senghor / Josiane Nespoulous-Neuville ; transl. from French by Pierre de Fontnouvelle. - Pretoria : University of South Africa, 1999. - XXVI, 162 p. Bibliography: p. 153-159. – With glossary, index and notes ISBN 1-86888-096-6 Negritude French influences on Leopold Senghor's theory of Negritude, 1928-48 / J.L. Hymans. In: Race: (1966), vol. 7, no. 4, p. 365-370. Léopold Sédar Senghor and the politics of Negritude / Irving Leonard Markovitz.- New York, N.Y. : Atheneum, 1969. - VIII, 300 p. Bibliography.: p. 241-289. With index. Léopold Sédar Senghor : négritude ou servitude? / Marcien Towa. - Yaounde, 1971. - 117 p. ; 18 cm. - (Point de vue ; 7) Part of thesis 3rd cycle, 1969. Senghor, Gobineau et l'inégalite des races humaines / S.Okechukwu Mezu. In: Abbia: (1972), no. 26, p. 121-141. Hello and goodbye to Negritude : Senghor, Dadie, Dongala, and America / Koffi Anyinefa ; transl. by Grace E. An. In: Research in African Literatures: (1996), vol. 27, no. 2, p. 51-69. Senghor, negritude and francophonie on the threshold of the twenty-first century / Lilyan Kesteloot, transl. by Ellen Conroy Kennedy. In: Research in African Literatures: (1990), vol. 21, no. 3, p. 51-57. The statesman / politician Senghor, Nkrumah and Azikiwe : unity and diversity in the West African state / J. O'Connel. In: Nigerian I.S.E.R.; Conference Proceedings. March, 1962: (19XX), p. 197-212. Léopold Sédar Senghor : la vie d'un président de l'Afrique nouvelle / Jean Rous. - Paris : Didier, 1967. - 165 p. : ill. - (Forum : les chefs d'états, les leaders d'aujourd'hui) With bibliography The origins of Léopold Senghor's African road to socialism / J.L. Hymans. In: Génève-Afrique: (1967), vol. 6, no. 1, p. 33-48.
From federalism to francophonia : Senghor's African policy / Robert A. Mortimer. In: African Studies Review: (1972), vol. 15, no. 2. p. 283-306. Léopold Sédar Senghor über "Eurafrika". In: Internationales Afrikaforum: (1973), vol. 9, no. 2/3, p. 122-129. An African peace mission in the Middle East : the one-man initiative of President Senghor / Ran Kochan. In: African Affairs: (1973), vol. 72, no. 287, p. 186-196. Léopold Sédar Senghor und die Erziehungspolitik in der Republik Senegal / Friedrich Axt. - Frankfurt a.M ; Bern ; Cirencester/U.K : Lang, 1979. - 108 p. - (Studien zur Erziehungswissenschaft ; Bd. 9) Bibliography: p. 105-108. ISBN 3-8204-6362-3 'Après Senghor' - a socialist Senegal? / Pamela Cox, Richard Kessler. In: African Affairs: (1980), vol. 69, no. 316, p. 327-342. Un Nègre à l'Académie française : Senghor démasque... l'Afrique dupée / Mukendi Nkonko. In: Peuples noirs, peuples africains: (1983), vol. 6, no. 35, p. 24-40. Senghor's rise to power 1948-1951 : early roots of French sub-Saharan decolonisation / Stefan Kras. In: Itinerario: (1999), vol. 23, no. 1, p. 91-113. General Léopold Sédar Senghor et la naissance de L'Afrique moderne / Ernest Milcent [et] Monique Sordet ; avec une préf. de Georges Pompidou. - [Paris] : Seghers, [1969]. - 274 p. : ill. - ('Evénements') p. 269-271: Bibliography. Senghor re-evaluated / Julia Di Stefano Pappageorge. In: African Literature Today: (1973), no. 6, p. 54-67. Hommage à Léopold Sédar Senghor, homme de culture. - Paris : Présence Africaine, c1976. - 425 p., [1] leaf of plates. : Portuguese, French, English or Spanish. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 2-7087-0333-1 Léopold Sédar Senghor : esquisse d'un itinéraire / Mukala Kadima-Nzuji. In: Zaïre-Afrique: (1986), vol. 26, no. 209/210, p. 575-585. Léopold Sédar Senghor / dir.: Daniel Leuwers ; conferences Guy Allix ... [et al.]. - Marseille : Sud, cop. 1987. - 362 p. - (Sud ; 17e année) Textes du colloque tenu au Centre culturel international de Cerisy la Salle, 14 au 21 aôut 1986. Numéro spécial de: Sud : revue littéraire bimestrielle ; année 17 (1987). With notes. ISBN 2-86446-072-6 Peguy-Senghor : parole et le monde / sous la dir. de Jean-Francois Durand. - Dakar : IFAN [etc.], 1995. - 182 p. : muz. ; 24 cm Publié avec l'aide de la Mission française de coopération et d'action culturelle. - Bibliogr.: p. 181-182. With notes. Présence Senghor : 90 écrits en hommage aux 90 ans du poète-président. – Paris : Unesco, 1997. – 287 p. ISBN 92-3-203437-5. Bio-bibliographies Léopold Sédar Senghor : an intellectual biography / by Jacques Louis Hymans. - Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, [1971]. - xiii, 312 p. : portr. With bibliographical references. ISBN 0-85224-119-4 Bibliographie de Léopold Sédar Senghor / Moustapha Tambadou. In: Ethiopiques: (1985), nouv. ser., vol. 3, no. 1/2, p. 203-216. Black, French, and African : a life of Léopold Sédar Senghor / Janet G. Vaillant. - Cambridge, Mass. [etc.] : Harvard University Press, 1990. - xii, 388 p., [10] p. pl. : ill. With bibliography and index. ISBN 0-674-07623-0 Senghor : ou la tentation de l'universel / Jean-Pierre Biondi. - Paris : Denoel, cop. 1993. - 197 p., [16] p. foto's. - (L'Aventure coloniale de la France / coll. dirige par Bernard Lauzanne) (Destins croises) Bibliogr.: p. [191]-197. With enclosure and notes. ISBN 2-207-24040-1 Léopold Sédar Senghor / par Joseph-Roger de Benoist ; témoignage de Cheikh Hamidou Kane. - Paris : Beauchesne, 1998. - 304 p. Bibliography: p. [293]-294. With index and notes. ISBN 2-7010-1378-X
Senghor 1906-2001 : l'homme d'État, le poète, l'humaniste : chroniques, témoignages, commentaires, et photos inédités / Bechir Ben Yahmed, éd. - Paris : Jeune Afrique L'intelligent, 2002. - 74 p. : foto's. Special issue of 'Jeune Afrique L'intelligent', no. 3 hors série (janvier 2002) Selected web resources The ASC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites. Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906-2001) Académie de Lyon – Lettres; maintained by Michel Balmont. Links to sites on Senghor, a bibliography of his works, bibliographies of works about Senghor (books, articles, theses), a list of books / articles on Negritude and African literature, and on Senegal. http://cddp49.crdp-nantes.fr/actions.asp?dep=ML&IDinfos=793 Ethiopiques Revue semestrielle négro-africaine de littérature et de Philosophie, founded by Senghor in 1975 and published by the Fondation Léopold Sédar Senghor http://www.refer.sn/ethiopiques/ Léopold Sédar Senghor iSenegal; le guide du Sénégal sur Internet, maintained by Jean-Luc Stalin. Links to sites on biography, bibliography, Negritude, hommages, Académie française http://isenegal.free.fr/senghor.htm Francophone African poets in English translation Maintained by Daniel Reboussin, Africana Collection, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. Contains extracts from Senghor’s poems in English translation. http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/poets.htm